
    HTML


     ?

     HTTP-response    
Expires, Pragma  Cache-control.

       ,    <head> 
<meta>:

<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="Thu, Jan 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache">

     ?
   NN  Opera   <table align="center">?

<table align="center"> -   .  align 
<table>   ,     ,  ,
    <img>.

 :
<div style="align:center"><table>
....
</table></div>

  ,      ?

,    ,  ,   HTML.  
    ,       ,  HTML - 
   ,       , 
 ,   .

 ,    ,    .   , 
  HEIGHT   ,    - 
  .  ,   ,
   .

<table width="100%" height="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">
,      
</td>
</tr>
</table>

 y p   py?

     ,    
  CR LF ,     .  -  ,  
  ,  CR LF   .

   .   ,  ,   
,   .

<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr>
<td><img src=...></td>
<td><img src=...></td>
</tr>
</table>

      . 
    :

<img src=...><img src=...><img src=...><br><img src=...><img src=...>

      , 
       ?

    border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"

        <td>, <img>  </td>.
, :

<td><img src="kusok.gif" width="XXX" height="YYY" border="0"></td>
^  ,  ,  !!! ^

    ,  <a>  </a>     
:

<td><a href="..."><img ...></a></td>

   ,         .

     ?

 HTML 4       ALIGN . 
  .

<p align="justify">
 
</p>

   CSS:
P{text-align:justify;}

     ?

     IE  NN      
     .

     font-family: serif (
   Times), sans-serif (,  Arial)  monospace
(   Courier).    fantasy 
cursive -  IE       ,   NN 
.

    (, , ) 
 , ,    ALT.

     -?

  ,         :
<img border="0" ...>

        
 ?

<body leftmargin="X" topmargin="Y" rightmargin="X" bottommargin="Y"
marginwidth="X" marginheight="Y">
   X=Y=0

      :
<style type="text/css"><!--
body{margin:0px;padding:0px;}
--></style>

     URL  ?

     URL   ,   
 . ,    ,  
    .

        
  ,       -  ?

    .   
   .  ,     
  "_",      "#_", 
   .

<img src="_" usemap="#_">
<map name="_">
...
</map>


[      ]
    HTML


      py?

  y,   py:
* p   y, p,   p
*   y
 ,        ,  
  . ,     ,   
.     HTML,   .

 ,   ,     
 XHTML

    HTML?

<!--   -->
<!--  ,
     -->

    "<!"  "--",     "--"  ">".
  -    ("---")   .
         .

   -      
 JavaScript (myVar--),     "-=" (myVar-=1)

,      .  ?

   <meta>,      
.       ,   
.  ,  ,     .

 - <meta name="Keywords" content="   ...">
 - <meta name="Descripton" content=" ">

   <b>  <strong>, <i>  <em> ?

 ,        
 . ,     .   
,  HTML    ,    .

<b>  <i> -   ,     
  -  . <strong>  <em> -  
.    -     ,
,    . <em>  ,  <strong> 
 .

:     ,  <em>.    
 ,    ,  <i>.

     
      ?

1.   .
2.          .
3.  HTML- , ,    -  .
         
   ,     .
5.   <td>    ROWSPAN  COLSPAN  ,
  ,     
.
6.    <td></td>.

        ?

>, :

/\   
/__\  
/ \ !

<table border="0" cellspacing="6" cellpadding="0" align="left">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#000000"><font size="7" color="#FFFFFF"
style="font-family:sans-serif;font-size:300%;"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;</b></font></td>

</tr>
</table>     !

 -    &nbsp;  <td>.

 bgcolor  <td>, color, size  style  <font>    ;)

     ?

 ,     bordercolor,   NN  
,   IE - .

      IE,   NN,   IE   <table>
 bordercolorlight="#RRGGBB"  bordercolordark="#RRGGBB", 
 ,    NN,  Print Screen,   
     RGB-    "" .

      IE,   NN,  :
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="... ..."
bgcolor="... ...">
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" border="0" bgcolor="... ...">

... ...

</table></td>
</tr>
</table>

 ""     ?

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bordercolor="...
...">
<tr>
<td><table width="100%" cellspacing="... ..." border="0">
<tr bgcolor="...   ...">
... ...
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="...   ...">
... ...
</tr>
....
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>

,  ,  ,   
  NNN.      ?

   ,     
  .    .

 HTML-     
 HTML- (,  <div>    )?
 <iframe>   Netscape 4.x?

  HTML 4.0,    HTML- 
  <iframe>.    :

src="...URL..." - URL  

name="..." -   ,   ,  target 
,       iframe.

width="WWW" - 

height="HHH" - 

marginwidth="XXX" -   iframe    


marginheight="YYY" -  ,      

scrolling="yes|no|auto" -     
.   auto    
,        iframe.
  ,    .

 <iframe>     (</iframe>). 
<iframe>...</iframe>    , 
  .

 , NN4   <iframe>.     
     ,  ,  
  <iframe>  .

   <head>    :

<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!--
function chIframe(lnk) {
if (document.layers){
if (document.layers[lnk.target]) {
if (document.layers[lnk.target].origX==undefined) {
document.layers[lnk.target].origX=
document.layers[lnk.target].pageX;
document.layers[lnk.target].origY=
document.layers[lnk.target].pageY;
}
with (document.layers[lnk.target]) {
left=origX;
clip.left=-origX;
top=origY;
clip.top=-origY;
src=lnk.href;
}
}
return false;
} else return true;
}
//--></script>

 iframe  :

<iframe name="myIframe" src="myiframe.html" width="X" height="Y">
<div id="myIframe"
style="position:relative;width:X;height:Y;include-source:url('myiframe.html');">
     HTML-.
 <a href="page1.html" target="myIframe"></a>,
     .
</div>
</iframe>

  ,      iframe,
  :
<a href="newpage.html" target="myIframe" onClick="return chIframe(this);">

   ?

P{margin-top:0;text-indent:5em;}

      ?

<HEAD>
<STYLE type="text/css"><!--
a.noneline {text-decoration: none;}
--></STYLE>
</HEAD>

    : <A HREF="" CLASS="noneline">

    ?

<HEAD>
<STYLE type="text/css"><!--
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:active {text-decoration:none;}
--></STYLE>
</HEAD>

       
     ?

<HEAD>
<STYLE type="text/css"><!--
a:hover {color:#RRGGBB;text-decoration:underline;}
--></STYLE>
</HEAD>

      NN4.x.


[      ]


    HTML


      
( )    ?

    

<style type="text/css"><!--
body{
background-image:url("...URL ...");
background-repeat:......;
}
--></style>

  :
no-repeat -  
repeat-x -    
repeat-y -    

      
     /   ( GIF)
    BGCOLOR  <BODY>  ( JPG) 
,         
2048 . ""     ,
    .

      ?

 background  <td>    HTML  
  Opera.  :
<td style="background-image:URL('bg.gif');">

  ,    ""    , 
  style  background-repeat,     
 .       
   -     ,    .

   c     ,  
  <table>   background=""  
 NN.

  .      
?

   ,     
 .

        ,     
   IE3+, NN4+  Opera:

<html>
<head>
<title>   </title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body{background-image:URL('back.gif');background-attachment:fixed;
margin:0px;padding:0px;}
#body{position:absolute;z-index:1;width:100%;}
-->
</style>
<script language="JavaScript1.2">
<!--
var oldScrollX=0;
var oldScrollY=0;
var NN=(((document.layers)?true:false) &&
navigator.appVersion.charAt(0)=="4");

function fixBg() {
if (window.pageXOffset!=oldScrollX || window.pageYOffset!=oldScrollY){
document.layers['bg'].left=oldScrollX=window.pageXOffset;
document.layers['bg'].top=oldScrollY=window.pageYOffset;
}
}

function makeBg() {
if (NN) {
document.layers['bg'] = new Layer(window.innerWidth);
document.layers['bg'].left = 0;
document.layers['bg'].top = 0;
document.layers['bg'].height = window.innerHeight;
document.layers['bg'].background.src = 'back.gif';
document.layers['bg'].visibility = 'show';
document.layers['bg'].zIndex = 0;
document.layers['bg'].document.open();
document.layers['bg'].document.write('<table width="100%" '+
'height="105%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">'+
'<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>')
document.layers['bg'].document.close();
setInterval("fixBg();",100);
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body leftmargin="0" topmargin="0" rightmargin="0" bottommargin="0"
marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" background="back.gif"
bgproperties="fixed" onLoad="makeBg();"><script language="JavaScript1.2"><!--
if (NN) document.write('<div id="body">')
//--></script>
....
....
....
Ba HTML
....
....
....
<script language="JavaScript1.2"><!--
if (NN) document.write('</div><table height="NNNN">'+
// ^^^^
//        640x480
'<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr></table>');
//--></script></body>
</html>

  ,     - 
   (,  )  
(,  )

     
<td onMouseOver="...">

 CSS2  :hover       ,  
   . ,  , IE   
.    -   :

td{...styles...;behavior:url('td.htc');} /*   IE4+ */
td:hover{background-color:#RRGGBB;} /*  CSS2,   NN6/Mozilla */

   td.htc,   :

<public:attach event="onmouseover" onevent="color()"/>
<public:attach event="onmouseout" onevent="restore()"/>
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"><!--
function color() {runtimeStyle.backgroundColor='#RRGGBB';}
function restore() {runtimeStyle.backgroundColor='';}

        .

,   td.className:hover  td#idName:hover
       .


     ,
       ?

  -  ,    
       .    
 ,     
         ,
    ..

       ,
     GIF89a.  PhotoShop  
"File Export", "GIF89a Export".     "Interlace".

  JPEG      - 
Progressive JPEG.  PhotoShop       
"Save a Copy...",    JPEG   Progressive. , 
 JPEG     ,      
"" ,   :)

   ?

       ,
     GIF89a.  PhotoShop  
"File Export", "GIF89a Export",     , 
  .

 ,    ,    
   . PhotoShop, ,    
 ,        .

,  y  -,  p  p
pp.   p, p   p 
-, y pp. p  .

    GIF Constructor Set,     
  GIF  .

  ?

GIF- -    .    
 ,      :

) Gif Construction Set:
*  ''  Gif Construction Set:
File / Animation Wizard...   Next    Next.  
,      , 
 Animate once and stop,   ,   
 - Loop Indefinitely.  Next.
*     (, ).
*        .
*     GIF'  .
*  Done.
* .
*    View     .

) MS GIF Animator:
*     Open (Ctrl+O)    .
*   Insert (Ctrl+I),    
    ,  , 
Clipboard       ( 
 ).
*      Animation / Looping.
        
Repeat Forever   .
*   Image   __   
  (  ,   Preview), 
 ( ,   Undefined,  Leave) 
      (  ).
* .

) Ulead Gif Animator
*  File / Animation Wizard
*   Add Image.    ( 
   -         
,   ,      ).
*  "".     :
Text-Oriented (Don't Dither) -   
Photo-Oriented (Dither) -  
*  "".      
      .
*  "".  "".  []  []
     .   Delay 
     
*  F12. .

    ( )?

,       .

    GIF   .  
   256 .    __   
,     64 .  32.  16. 
 , ,    8 .  ,
      GIF ,
  :-).     ...

    JPEG   .    
-   .      
Baseline.

,      GIF,  ,    
 GIF Constructor Set.    .

       - Image Alchemy. 
    - Adobe PhotoShop.  
  - Aldus PhotoStyler.


[      ]



###   INC #########################################################

 ###     1.      
 .

 ###           ,
    CF,    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     INC                t = 15+           1111111  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2               mod  000  r/m 
     INC               t = 3             ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
              .                +----------------
                               dispH      
          BYTE                 +----------------+
     ()     WORD  (),  
       .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     INC               t = 2                01000  reg   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
        .

###   DEC #########################################################

 ###         1.    
 .

 ###           ,
    CF.

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     DEC                t = 15+           1111111  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2               mod  001  r/m 
     DEC               t = 3             ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
            .                +----------------
                               dispH      
          BYTE                 +----------------+
     ()      WORD (),  
       .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     DEC               t = 2                01001  reg   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
        .

###   NEG #########################################################

 ###      .  
  ,    .

 ###         .    CF 
    ,   ,   
  , -  CF = 0.

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     NEG                t = 16+           1111011  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2               mod  011  r/m 
     NEG               t = 3             ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
            .                +----------------
                               dispH      
          BYTE                 +----------------+
     ()      WORD (),  
       .

















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###   JMP #########################################################

 ###   ,    IP (
    NEAR)      CS:IP  (     FAR).
           IP    CS  .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     JMP SHORT           t = 15               11101011    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
            NEAR.                   dispL      
        -128  +127 .              +----------------+
          ,
      SHORT  .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3             +----------------+
     JMP    NEAR     t = 15               11101001    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
            NEAR.                   dispL      
         -32768  +32767               ----------------
     .                                                  dispH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     JMP                t = 18+            11111111    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2               mod  100  r/m 
     JMP               t = 11           ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
         NEAR.                +----------------
        16-                    dispH      
         .                 +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 5            +----------------+
     JMP    FAR      t = 15               11101010    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
        FAR:                               offL       
       off   IP,                  ----------------
       seg   CS.                       offH       
                                                       ----------------
                                                            segL       
                                                       ----------------
                                                            segH       
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     JMP                t = 24+            11111111    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
         FAR:                        mod  101  r/m 
          IP,                  ----------------
         -  CS.                       dispL      
                                                       +----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       +----------------+

###   CALL#########################################################

 ###               
       .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3             +----------------+
     CALL   NEAR     t = 19               11101000    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
        NEAR:                       dispL      
          SP  2,               ----------------
           IP,                    dispH      
            IP                +----------------+
         .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     CALL               t = (21+EA)          11111111    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2              mod  010  r/m  
     CALL              t = 16           ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
           NEAR:                   +----------------
     *    SP   2,                    dispH      
     *      IP,               +----------------+
     * ,       
          IP.
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 5            +----------------+
     CALL   FAR      t = 28               10011010    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
           FAR:                            offL       
     *   SP  2,                 ----------------
     *     CS,                      offH       
     *   SP  2,                 ----------------
     *     IP,                      segL       
     *  IP  off,  CS - seg.                 ----------------
                                                            segH       
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------+
     CALL               t = (37+EA)          11111111    
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
           FAR:                      mod  011  r/m 
        SP  2,                 ----------------
          CS,                      dispL      
        SP  2,                 +----------------
          IP,                      dispH      
      ,     ,                 +----------------+
          IP,  
        -   CS.

###   RET############################################################

 ###       .    - 
   , ..            .
           -     ,
    ,      SP,    
 ,     .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     RET                      t = 8                0011010 w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
       NEAR:
            IP,
       SP   2
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     RET                      t = 18               0011010 w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
       FAR:
            IP,
       SP   2
            CS,
       SP   2
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3             +----------------+
     RET             t = 12               0011010 w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
       NEAR:                                     dataL      
             IP,               ----------------
       SP   2                     dataH      
           SP                  +----------------+
        .


                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3             +----------------+
     RET             t = 17               0011010 w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
       FAR:                                      dataL      
            IP,                ----------------
       SP   2                     dataH      
            CS,                +----------------+
       SP   2
           SP  
        .

















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###   IN ############################################################

 ###      /,   
 ,         L.

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     IN   ,    t = 10              1110010  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                               port       
      0  255.               +----------------+
     .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     IN   , DX     t = 8               1110110  w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
               
      0  65536.   
       DX.

###   OUT #########################################################

 ###         AX    AL      
 /,     .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     OUT  ,    t = 10              1110011  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                          port       
      0  255.               +----------------+
     .
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     OUT  DX ,     t = 8               1110111  w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
           
      0  65536.    
       DX.

















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###   SUB #########################################################

 ###          
   .     .

 ###      CF,  AF,  SF,  ZF,  PF,  OF      
  .    CF   AF      
   1,    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     SUB  1, 2  t = 3                000000 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     SUB  ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     SUB  ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     SUB  ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6             mod 010  r/m  
     SUB  ,    t = 17+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     SUB  .,  t = 4                0000010  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

 ### :
       p   ,     . 
    p p   OF,  
        CF     1 , 
   .

 +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
     p              pp   p         
     p         +---------------------------------------+---------
                                           CF  OF 
 +----------------------+--------------------+------------------+----+----
                                                                     
    1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1            2 4 9               - 7               
  -                          -                  -                    
    0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0                2               + 2               
  ------------------     -----------------  ----------------         
    1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1            2 4 7               - 9        0   0  
                                                                     
                         p          p              
                         p, CF=0     p, OF=0         
 +----------------------+--------------------+------------------+----+----
                                                                     
    1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1            1 3 1            - 1 2 5              
  -                          -                -                      
    1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0            1 7 8              - 7 8              
  ------------------     -----------------  ----------------         
    1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1            2 3 3              - 4 7       1   0  
                                                                     
                         p        p              
                         p, CF=1,    p, OF=0         
                                                     
                                                         
 +----------------------+--------------------+------------------+----+----
                                                                     
    0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1            1 1 5            + 1 1 5              
  -                          -                -                      
    1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1            1 8 4              - 7 3              
  ------------------     -----------------  ----------------         
    1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0            1 9 8              - 6 8       1   1  
                                                                     
                         p        p            
                         p, CF=1,    p, OF=1,        
                             p               
                                 p            
 +------------------------------------------------------------------------+

          p    p    
 p    p   -128  +127,   p      - 
 p  -32768 ... +32767.

###   SBB #########################################################

 ###            .    
            CF,    
 .              

 ###      CF,  AF,  SF,  ZF,  PF,  OF      
  .    CF   AF      
   1,    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     SBB  1, 2  t = 3                000110 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     SBB  ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     SBB  ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     SBB  ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6             mod 011  r/m  
     SBB  ,    t = 17+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     SBB  .,  t = 4                0001110  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

 ### :
          p  p    p, 
    SUB.
        SBB      ,  ..
  . pp     526592    
 589824 (  p ):

    31--------------------------------15--------------------------------0
                             1 0 0 1  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
--- +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
                             1 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

 1)      SUB:

                                      ----------------------------------+
                                                               0 0 0 0 
                              ---     ----------------------------------+
                                      ----------------------------------+
                                               1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
                                      ----------------------------------+
                                   ----------------------------------------
                                      ----------------------------------+
          p  ,      1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
           CF    ----------------------------------+
            1

  2)  p    SBB.

    +----------------------------------
                             1 0 0 1 
--- +----------------------------------
    +----------------------------------
                             1 0 0 0 
    +---------------------------------+
---                               +---+
                                   1    CF
                                  +---+
  ---------------------------------------
    +----------------------------------
                             0 0 0 0    CF   0
    +----------------------------------

  3)  p    62232.

    +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
                                      1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

###   CMP #########################################################

 ###    ,        .
      .

 ###      CF,  AF,  SF,  ZF,  PF,  OF      
  .    CF   AF      
   1,    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     CMP  1, 2  t = 3                001110 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     CMP  ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     CMP  ,      t = 9+              dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     CMP  ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6            mod 111  r/m  
     CMP  ,    t = 10+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     CMP  .,  t = 4                0011110  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+
 ### :
          ,     
  SUB  SBB.


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###  BCD - p #########################################################

 ###   BCD -          ( 
   p).        9,  
     p  99.  pp   p
  . pp:

    +-------------------------------+
     0   0   1   1  0   1   0   0 
    +-------------------------------+

     0011.0100       52,
                BCD -        34

 ###  BCD -   p p   .

###   DAA #########################################################

 ###    p   
 BCD - , p p  pp AL.
       p   :   p 
    ,      pp  p 
  p:
     1)   AF = 1    AL    9,
     AL   6    AF   1.
     2)   CF = 1    AL    9,
     AL    60 ( BCD - p)    CF
   1.
          AL     
    0  99.

 ###          
 ,            OF    AF,     
    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     DAA                      t = 4                 00100111    
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

 ### :
                 CF.    CF = 1,
       99      AL  
    (  ).
        BCD -           
      ( ADC),    
     .
         BCD - :

    15----------------------------------0
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1     199
-+- +-----------------------------------+
    +-----------------------------------+
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1      93
    +-----------------------------------+

 1)     ADD.

                       -----------------+
                       1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 
               -+-     -----------------+
                       -----------------+
                       1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 
                       -----------------+
                    ---------------------
                       -----------------+     
                       0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0   ,         CF
                       -----------------+     1

 2)    :

                       -----------------+
                       1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 
               -+-     -----------------+
                       -----------------+      6,  ..
                       0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0          9
               -+-     -----------------+
                       -----------------+      60, ..
                       0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0         ADD
                       -----------------+      (CF = 1)
                    ---------------------
                       -----------------+
                       1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0       
                       -----------------+

  3)  p   ADC.

    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
-+- +-----------------
    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    +-----------------
-+-               +---+
                   1    CF
                  +---+
  ---------------------
    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0   CF   0
    +-----------------

  4)         
     ,   ..               CF = 0.

  5)       292.

    +-----------------------------------+
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 
    +-----------------------------------+

###   DAS #########################################################

 ###              
  BCD - ,     AL.
          :    
        ,         
  :
     1)   AF = 1    AL    9,
     AL    6    AF   1.
     2)   CF = 1    AL    9,
     AL   60    CF   1.

 ###        
 ,        OF   AF,     
   .    CF    , 
  1,    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     DAS                      t = 4                 00101111    
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

 ### :
      BCD -           
          (  SBB).      
      .
       BCD - :

    15----------------------------------0
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1  0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1     307
--- +-----------------------------------+
    +-----------------------------------+
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0     208
    +-----------------------------------+

 1)     SUB.

                       -----------------+
                       0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 
               ---     -----------------+
                       -----------------+
                       0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 
                       -----------------+
                    ---------------------
                       -----------------+     ,  
                       1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1    AF  CF 
                       -----------------+    1

 2)    :

                       -----------------+
                       1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
               ---     -----------------+
                       -----------------+     6, .. AF = 1
                       0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0       9
               ---     -----------------+
                       -----------------+    60, .. F = 1
                       0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0             9.
                       -----------------+   CF    1
                    ---------------------
                       -----------------+
                       1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1       
                       -----------------+

  3)  p   SBB.

    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
--- +-----------------
    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
    +-----------------
---               +---+
                   1    CF
                  +---+
  ---------------------
    +-----------------
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   CF   0
    +-----------------

  4)        
     ,   ..               CF = 0.

  5)       99.

    +-----------------------------------+
     0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 
    +-----------------------------------+

















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###    AND #########################################################

 ###      +------------------------------------+
       ().    1   2   1  AND   2  
         . +-------+-------+--------------------
              0      0           0           
      .                 0      1           0           
                                       1      0           1           
                                       1      1           1           
                                    +------------------------------------+

 ###   OF      CF           ,  ..
     .    SF,  ZF   PF  
             (   
 ).   AF  .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     AND  1, 2  t = 3                001000 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     AND  ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     AND  ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     AND  ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6             mod 100  r/m  
     AND  ,    t = 17+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     AND  .,  t = 4                0010010  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

 ### :
                      
 ,      ,      
         .

###    OR #########################################################

 ###      +------------------------------------+
           ().    1   2   1   OR   2  
             +-------+-------+--------------------
     .        0      0           0           
       .           0      1           1           
                                       1      0           1           
                                       1      1           1           
                                    +------------------------------------+

 ###   OF      CF           ,  ..
     .    SF,  ZF   PF  
             (   
 ).   AF  .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     OR   1, 2  t = 3                000010 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     OR   ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     OR   ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     OR   ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6             mod 001  r/m  
     OR   ,    t = 17+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     OR  .,   t = 4                0000110  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+
 ### :
             1      .

###    XOR #########################################################

 ###      +------------------------------------+
             .   1   2   1  XOR   2  
             +-------+-------+--------------------
     .        0      0           0           
       .           0      1           1           
                                       1      0           1           
                                       1      1           0           
                                    +------------------------------------+

 ###   OF      CF           ,  ..
     .    SF,  ZF   PF  
             (   
 ).   AF  .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     XOR  1, 2  t = 3                001100 d w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     XOR  ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     XOR  ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     XOR  ,   t = 4                100000 s w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6             mod 110  r/m  
     XOR  ,    t = 17+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     XOR  .,  t = 4                0011010  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+
 ### :
              ,  
        ,      
    .

###    TEST #########################################################

 ###      +------------------------------------+
       ().    1   2   1  AND   2  
         . +-------+-------+--------------------
           AND      0      0           0           
       .              0      1           0           
                                       1      0           1           
                                       1      1           1           
                                    +------------------------------------+

 ###   OF      CF           ,  ..
     .    SF,  ZF   PF  
             (   
 ).   AF  .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     TEST 1, 2  t = 3                1000010  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  reg  r/m 
     TEST ,      t = 9+         ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4           +----------------
     TEST ,      t = 16+             dispH      
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-4           +----------------+
     TEST ,   t = 5               1111011  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 3-6            mod 000  r/m  
     TEST ,    t = 11+        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dispH      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-3           +----------------+
     TEST .,  t = 4                1010100  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
                                                            dataL      
                                                       ----------------
                                                            dataH      
                                                       +----------------+

###    NOT #########################################################

 ###     ,       
  .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 2             +----------------+
     NOT               t = 3                1111011  w   
    +-------------------------+                        ----------------
    +-------------------------+ l = 2-4             mod  010  r/m 
     NOT                t = 16+F        ----------------
    +-------------------------+                             dispL      
            .                +----------------
                               dispH      
          BYTE                 +----------------+
     ()      WORD (),  
       .
















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###    ###################################################

 ### REP
        MOVS  STOS,    
         , ..      CX 
      .      CX,
                   .

     REPE   REPZ
        CMPS  SCAS,    
         ZF = 1           
      .    ZF   
     .              CX,
                   .

     REPNE   REPNZ
        CMPS  SCAS,  , 
         ZF = 0           
      .    ZF   
     .              CX,
                   .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
     REP   (MOVS  STOS)     l        = 1          11110011    
     REPE  (CMPS  SCAS)                   +----------------+
     REPZ  (CMPS  SCAS)   
    +-------------------------+
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
     REPNE (MOVS  STOS)     l        = 1          11110010    
     REPNZ (CMPS  SCAS)                   +----------------+
    +-------------------------+

 ### :
                     
       .         
     .    
  ,  ,    ,   
       (  ,  ).      
          
     .       , 
       .

###   MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW ##########################################

 ###     (),        DS:SI,   
 (),            ES:DI.   
      (  DF = 1)      (
 DF = 0)      SI  DI.     ,
         1,      -    2.
        REP       ()
          .   ,    
          1, 
       .
       (  MOVS)    ,  
    :   .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     MOVSB (MOVSW)            t = 18 ( REP)     1010010 w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
        
       :   B 
       ,    W -   .

    +-------------------------+ l = 1 
     MOVS  ,      t = 18 ( REP)
    +-------------------------+
        
        .

###   CMPS / CMPSB / CMPSW ##########################################

 ###    (),      DS:SI   
 (),          ES:DI.    
       (  DF = 1)     (
 DF = 0)      DI  SI.      ,
     1,   -  2.
        REPE  REPZ     
   ;     REPNE  REPNZ      
       .       
         1,
        .
       (  CMPS)    ,  
    :   .

 ###       .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     CMPSB (CMPSW)            t = 22  (         1010011 w   
    +-------------------------+     REPNE  REPNZ)   +----------------+
        
       :   B 
      ,   W -  .

    +-------------------------+ l = 1 
     CMPS  ,      t = 22  (
    +-------------------------+     REPNE  REPNZ)
        
        .

###   SCAS / SCASB / SCASW ##########################################

 ###     AL (AX)   (),    
          ES: DI.         
       (   DF = 1)        (  DF = 0)
      DI.        ,  
       1,      -    2.
        REPE  REPZ         
 ,    ;     REPNE   REPNZ
                
 .                 
             1,  
      .
        (  SCAS)    ,  
    :   .

 ###       .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     SCASB (SCASW)            t = 15  (         1010111 w   
    +-------------------------+     REPNE  REPNZ)   +----------------+
        
       :   B 
      ,   W -  .

    +-------------------------+ l = 1 
     SCAS               t = 15  (
    +-------------------------+     REPNE  REPNZ)
        
        .

###   LODS / LODSB / LODSW ##########################################

 ###    (),       DS:SI, 
  AL (AX).      
  ( DF = 1)   ( DF = 0)    SI.
    ,        1, 
  -  2.
        .
        (  LODS)    ,  
    :   .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     LODSB (LODSW)            t = 12               1010110 w   
    +-------------------------+                        +----------------+
         
       :   B 
       ,    W -   .

    +-------------------------+ l = 1 
     LODS               t = 12 
    +-------------------------+
         
        .

###   STOS / STOSB / STOSW ##########################################

 ###       AL (AX)    (),   
     ES:DI.        
   ( DF = 1)   ( DF = 0) 
  DI.    ,    
  1,   -  2.
           REP             
  .          
          1, 
       .
        (  STOS)    ,  
    :   .

 ###    .

 ###  :
                                                       7                0
    +-------------------------+ l = 1              +----------------+
     STOSB (STOSW)            t = 11               1010101 w   
    +-------------------------+     ( )     +----------------+
        
       :   B 
       ,    W -   .

    +-------------------------+ l = 1 
     STOS                     t = 11 
    +-------------------------+     ( )
        
        .

















[      ]




















[      ]






